Innovative and flexible approaches to working time

The Institute for Law and Economics of Carlos III University of Madrid (IUDEC) coordinates the international resaearch project INNOVAWORKING:  Innovative and flexible approaches to working time.

This project aims to investigate and analyse innovative policies on working time arrangements that have been negotiated between trade unions and employers both in the public and private sector. The research will assess innovative agreements that provide for shorter or more flexible working hours, including hybrid and remote working practices, also covering hybrid and remote working practices. The extent to which these innovative agreements contribute to a better work-life balance will be a central focus of the research. This may include a wide range of initiatives that could include changes to shift work, annual leave and other new approaches to the organisation of working time. It will also examine trade unions and employers’ responses to any trends towards longer hours and problems created by zero-hour or low-hour contracts.

Contents

Dissemination Seminar (2024, November 15th)

On 15 November 2024, a dissemination seminar took place in Madrid, presenting preliminary results of the project, with the participation of researchers and social agents.

Final Dissemination event (European Parliament, Brussels, 2025, June 12th)

A seminar was held at the European Parliament, hosted by MEP Anthony Smith, bringing together researchers involved in the InnovaWorking project and key social partners. Given the relevance of the event, it has its own dedicated webpage, where the full programme and video recordings are available. Visitors can access the original audio in French, Spanish and English, as well as full interpretation into these three languages and Hungarian.
Access the event webpage

The recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, the introduction of digitalisation, the impact of an ageing workforce and the need for urgent action to tackle climate change pose major challenges for companies and their employees (or workers). Trade unions and employers also need to address potential threats and leverage opportunities arising from these challenges. Innovative changes to the organisation of working time can be part of the solution, potentially delivering increased productivity, improved work-life balance and well-being, more sustainable working practices and greater flexibility to the benefit of both workers and employers.

The project INNOVAWORKING follows the general objective of this call to promote analysis and research on industrial relations, at EU level as well as in comparative terms, by identifying convergences and differences in how the industrial relations systems in place in several EU Member States are addressing new forms of organising working time. The project aims to promote the exchange of information and experience among the parties actively involved in industrial relations on negotiating innovative and flexible work arrangements. The planned project events and dissemination activities will contribute to promoting awareness of effective industrial relations practices in Europe. Moreover, the project research will further deepen the analysis of topics of the adaptation of established labour market regulatory frameworks to technological transformation, global competition forces, and demographic change to ensure adequate protection for workers that were addressed by the European Commission in the ESDE Reports.This project aims to explore these themes and examine new approaches to working time arrangements in private companies and in the public sector. It will look in detail at why and how trade unions and employers have managed to negotiate innovative working practices, particularly shorter working time patterns, and so provide examples which could be adapted and adopted by trade unions and employers across the sectors.

Demographic change will bring a shift in the age profile of workplaces and initiatives are being taken to encourage older workers to stay longer in employment. Reduced working time schemes can play a role here raising questions about their impact and the age groups entitled to such benefits. 

In addition, new forms of work and growing outsourcing practices may be encouraging more flexible approaches such as the use of zero-hour contracts and the contracting of services provided by platform workers. However, more long-standing patterns of non-standard work, above all part-time  and fixed-term work, can be found across public services and companies in several sectors, raising questions about who benefits from these work patterns. 

 

The focus of the project can be summarized in the following research objectives:

  • To contribute to advancing the state of the art and knowledge on innovative practices regarding the organisation of work. 
  • Identify bench-marking and exchanging good practices in collective bargaining to negotiate reduction of working time and flexible working arrangements in the EU. 
  • To improve expertise and knowledge on industrial relations at European and national level.
 

Coordination

1. UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID (UC3M), Spain.

Partners

2. TAMPEREEN KORKEAKOULUSAATIO SR (TAU),  Finland- 

3. EOTVOS LORAND TUDOMANYEGYETEM (ELTE),  Hungary- 

4. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, DUBLIN, Ireland- 

5. FUNDACION CULTURAL PRIMERO DE MAYO (F1M),  Spain. 

6. UNION GENERAL DE TRABAJADORAS Y TRABAJADORES DE ESPAÑA (UGT), Spain.

Associated Partner

7.CONFEDERATION EUROPEENNE DES SYNDICATSETUC)

Team

Project Coordination

Ana B.
Muñoz Ruiz

Coordination and research

abmunoz@der-pr.uc3m.es

Jesús R.
Mercader Uguina

Research

jmercarde@der-pr.uc3m.es

Francisco J.
Gómez Abelleira

Research

fjgomez@der-pr.uc3m.es

Pablo
Gimeno Díaz de Atauri

Research

pgimeno@der-pr.uc3m.es

Lourdes
Sánchez- Galindo Más

Research

loursanch@der-pr.uc3m.es

Víctor
Maneiro Hervella

Research

vmaneiro@der-pr.uc3m.es

Research Team

  • Prof. Dr. Ana Belen Muñoz is Professor of Employment Law at Carlos III University. Member of the scientific committee of the XVI European Regional Congress, Ghent (Belgium), 2023, organised by the international Society for Labour and Social Security Law (ISLSSL). Her research focuses particularly on the impact of emerging technology in companies (artificial intelligence, algorithms, etc.) and challenges of Collective Agreements after the labour law reforms in Spain. She also has extensively participated in European-funded projects (Eusocialcit, GDPiR, Newefin, etc.).
  • Prof. Dr. Jesús R. Mercader Uguina is Professor of Labour Law at Carlos III University and a leading expert in the field of Labour Law and Industrial Relations. He has served as Legal Adviser at the Spanish Constitutional Court (2000-2003) and has acted as General Counsel at Carlos III University (2007-2015). His research has been highly valued by legal scholars, as his books address new challenges in the field of Employment Law and industrial relations.
  • Prof. Dr. Francisco Javier Gómez Abelleira. Professor in Labour and Employment Law at the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. He also has extensively participated in collaborative research projects, including European-funded projects (Eusocialcit, Newefin, Diadse, etc.). He has a large experience on EU law and the practical perspective of Spanish labour law.
  • Prof. Dr. Pablo Gimeno Díaz de Atauri. Associate professor of Labour Law at Universidad Complutense de Madrid (with an extraordinary doctorate award). He also holds a degree in Economics and Law from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. His research combines a legal and economic vision in the different areas related to the labour market, collective bargaining and industrial relations. His main lines of research focus on the effects of labour reforms, as well as on the valuation of work and wage transparency in terms of gender.
  • Prof. Dr. Dagmar Schiek is a full Professor of EU Law and Labour Law at University College Dublin’s (UCD) Sutherland School of Law from November 2023. She directs RIGHTS TO UNITE, a project which develops a new socio-legal theory of European integration, funded by an ERC Advanced Grant. From September 2011 she holds a Jean Monnet ad personam Chair for EU law, having been a professor of European Union Law from 2000 (University Carl von Ossietzky, Oldenburg), coming to this position from a background as comparative labour lawyer and anti-discrimination lawyer (in which capacity she also drafted anti-discrimination legislation in Germany). She migrated to the UK in 2007 as a professor of EU Law (University of Leeds – 2007, Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) -2014).
  • Prof. Dr. Nuria Ramos Martín Currently she is distinguished senior researcher at the University of Salamanca. She has been the project coordinator the EU Jean Monnet Project EU labour law perspectives and contributed as expert to several reports for the European Commission, the European Parliament and the EU Agency SOCIEUX+ on telework, precarious work in Europe, platform work and transparent and predictable working conditions in the EU. She was gender coordinator of the Horizon 2020 project EUSOCIALCIT- European Social Citizenship. Dr. Ramos Martin participated in the Innovaworking project in 2024 (as researcher from THUAS – cooperator institution in the project).
  • Prof. Dr. Minna van Gerven is an internationally recognized scholar that specializes in comparative social policy. Her research expertise focuses on the politics and policymaking of employment policy and social security, and EU Social Policy. She has been involved in various European research projects, also as a PI in the recent DG Employment project DEFEN-CE (VS/2021/0196) Social Dialogue in defense of vulnerable groups in post-COVID-19 labour market.
  • Prof. Dr. Sára Húngler teaches Hungarian, European and international labour law, social policy, equality and human rights in various (Hungarian and international) undergraduate and Master level courses as well as in the ELTE Doctoral School. She participated in international research projects. Most recently she has been working in the H2020 ETHOS project on creating a new integrative perspective on justice and fairness. She is currently researching social integration in the Visegrad countries. 

Comparative Report

This report explores legal frameworks, collective agreements and company practices across six European countries to identify innovative approaches to flexible and reduced working time. It highlights key drivers, challenges and impacts on work-life balance, productivity and gender equality.

Ebook

Innovative cases on working time reduction and flexible working time arrangements in Europe

Executive Summary

Main findings of the project in several languages.

Disclaimer and funding acknowledgement

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. The European Union cannot be held responsible for them.